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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of arithmetic ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of arithmetic The history of arithmetics include the period from emergence of the account before formal definition of numbers and arithmetic operations over them by means of system of axioms. Arithmetics — science about numbers, their properties and the relations — is one of the main mathematical sciences. It is closely connected with algebra and the theory of numbers. The practical need for the account, the elementary measurements and calculations became the reason of emergence of arithmetics. The first authentic data on arithmetic knowledge are found in the historical monuments of Babylon and Ancient Egypt relating to the III—II millennia BC. The big contribution to development of arithmetics was made by the Greek mathematicians, in particular Pythagoreans who tried to define all regularities of the world by numbers. In the Middle Ages trade and approximate calculations were the main scopes of arithmetics. Arithmetics developed first of all in India and the countries of Islam and only then came to Western Europe. In the XVII century the seaworthy astronomy, mechanics, more difficult commercial calculations put before arithmetics new inquiries to technology of calculations and gave an impetus to further development. Theoretical justifications of idea of number are connected first of all with definition of natural number and Peano's axioms formulated in 1889. They were followed by strict definitions of rational, real, negative and complex numbers. Further expansion of concept of number is possible only at refusal of one of arithmetic laws. == The appearance of arithmetics == If in two sets (sets of subjects) each element of one set has the only couple in other set, these sets of a ravnomoshchna. Such actual comparison when subjects were displayed in two ranks, was used still by primitive tribes at an exchange, it gives the chance to establish quantitative ratios between groups of objects and doesn't demand concept of number. Further there were natural standards of the account, for example, fingers of hands, and then and sets standards, such as hands. With the advent of the standards symbolizing concrete numbers also connect emergence of concept of number. Thus number of subjects compared to the Moon in the sky, number of eyes, number of fingers on a hand. Later numerous standards were replaced with one the most convenient, usually fingers of hands and/or feet became it. 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.